from the New York Times - When Demons Are Real - published Sunday, December 29, 2013
by T. M. Luhrmann
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/29/opinion/sunday/when-demons-are-real.html?_r=0
(excerpt)
To be in Africa is to encounter a God different from that of a
charismatic church in the United States. People say that the boundary
between the supernatural and the natural is thinner there. Certainly
religion is everywhere — churches and church billboards seem to be on every street — and atheists are few. American evangelicals often say that faith is more intense in Africa.
There is something to this. Compared with Ghanaian charismatic
Christianity, American Christianity can seem like soggy toast.
It is not just the intensity that seems different. In these churches,
prayer is warfare. The new charismatic Christian churches in Accra
imagine a world swarming with evil forces that attack your body, your
family and your means of earning a living.
J. Kwabena Asamoah-Gyadu, a professor at Trinity Theological Seminary in
Legon, Ghana, argues that these churches have spread so rapidly because
African traditional religion envisions a world dense with dark spirits
from which people must protect themselves, and these new churches take this evil seriously
in a way that many earlier missionizing Christianities did not. Indeed,
I have been at a Christian service in Accra with thousands of people
shouting: “The witches will die! They will die! Die! Die!” With the
pastor roaring, “This is a war zone!”
While this feels very different from soft-toned American evangelical
Christianity, which emphasizes God’s loving mercy rather than God’s
judgment, spiritual warfare is deeply embedded in the evangelical
tradition. The post-1960s charismatic revival in the United States,
sometimes called “Third Wave” Christianity (classical Pentecostalism was
the first wave and charismatic Catholicism the second), introduced the
idea that all Christians interact with supernatural forces daily. That
included demons.
In fact, I found American books on dealing with demons in all the
bookstores of the African charismatic churches I visited. In one church
where I stood looking at the shelf of demon manuals, a helpful clerk
leaned over to fish one off for me. She chose an American one. “Here,”
she said as she handed me Larry Huch’s “Free at Last,” “this one is
good.”
In many American evangelical churches, people will tell you that demons
are real, but they do not treat them as particularly salient. Demons
don’t come up in Sunday morning sermons, and for the most part people
don’t pray about demonic oppression. Their encounters with supernatural
evil were like the ghost stories I heard at summer camp: more exciting
than terrifying. One man told me of an angel who’d protected him by
driving off the devil: “When I turned completely around, just right
there, the woman, the vehicle, the lights shining, they were gone. They
were gone. But in my brake lights, I saw the guy running over that
hill.”
But not always. A 2012 poll found that 57 percent of Americans believed
in demonic possession. It’s unlikely to be entertainment for all of
them.
One way to think about demons (if you happen not to believe in
supernatural evil) is that they are a way of representing human hatred,
rage and failure — the stuff we all set out to exorcize in our New
Year’s resolutions. The anthropologist Gananath Obeyesekere,
who grew up in Sri Lanka, got a Ph.D. from the University of Washington
and, eventually, a job at Princeton, once remarked that all humans deal
with demons. (He was quoting Dostoyevsky’s “Brothers Karamazov” — “In
every man, of course, a demon lies hidden.”) The only question, he said,
was whether the demons were located in the mind, where Freud placed
them, or in the world. It is possible that identifying your envy as
external and alien makes it easier to quell.
But it is also true that an external agent gives you something — and often, someone — to identify as nonhuman. In West Africa, witches are people,
and sometimes, other people kill them or drive them from their homes.
In an April poll conducted by Public Policy Polling, over one in 10
Americans were confident that Barack Obama was the Antichrist
— and the Antichrist is, as it happens, associated with war in the
Middle East. If those people think that demons are real, they don’t mean
that Obama is misguided, confused or mistaken. They mean that he is
real, inhuman evil.
That is a terrifying thought.